Race-based interpretation of spirometry also normalizes Black adults’ lower lung function
The most common test to measure a person’s lung function—spirometry—may be missing many people with impaired lung health, according to a new Northwestern Medicine study published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
Although their spirometry readings appear “normal,” a substantial portion of adults actually have emphysema when imaged with CT scans, reports the study. This is disproportionately seen among Black men, who have significantly higher rates of emphysema than white men, despite having similar estimates of lung function.
The study found the current, race-specific approach to interpreting spirometry—which judges a person’s lung function against the healthy population of someone of the same age, height, weight, sex and race—normalizes lower lung function in Black adults and non-white populations compared to white populations.
“Using our current method of spirometry interpretation, a Black man’s lung function could be considered ‘normal’ while the lung function of a white man of the same height, weight, age and lung function could be considered ‘abnormal’ because it’s lower than what would be referenced to his healthy population,” said first author Gabrielle Liu, MD, instructor of Medicine in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and a Northwestern Medicine physician. “These reference values are normalizing decades and maybe even centuries of structural inequities of health.”
Liu said, “It’s not that there are intrinsic differences based on a person’s race, but those ‘healthy’ populations are taken from populations in the past that have also been affected by social and environmental risk factors for poor health outcomes.”
Emphysema, one of the diseases that comprises chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. Over three million people in the U.S. have been diagnosed with emphysema. It is one of the most preventable respiratory illnesses because it is so strongly linked to smoking.
“Black people in the United States have greater burden of emphysema than white people, and because of how we diagnose COPD using lung function tests, we likely miss a lot of people with impaired respiratory health even though they have structural lung disease,” said senior author Ravi Kalhan, MD, MS, professor of Medicine in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care and of Preventive Medicine in the Division of Epidemiology, and a Northwestern Medicine pulmonologist.
Under-recognizing emphysema in patients with normal spirometry could lead to a lack of follow-up visits, continuation of smoking and failure to partake in other preventive measures.
Physicians should consider ordering CT scans for adults with suspected abnormal lung health who have normal spirometry, the study authors said. This allows physicians to better examine the lung airways and lung tissue, which are damaged in patients with emphysema.
“Our over-reliance on pretty old-school breathing tests as the ‘gold standard’ to define respiratory health is likely misguided, we found,” Kalhan said. “We need better tools to ascertain respiratory health, so we can intercept chronic lung disease before it becomes clinically apparent, and breathing tests probably won’t cut it.”
How the study worked
The study participants were Black and white adults from the longitudinal CARDIA study, which has been ongoing since 1985. Participants had spirometry tests and CT scans of their chest performed when they were between 50 and 55 years old, on average. The scientists examined participants with different measures of normal lung function and compared the rates of emphysema among Black adults versus white adults. They did further testing to see whether racial differences in rates of emphysema changed if race-neutral estimates of lung function were used instead of standard race-specific estimates of lung function.
When the scientists used race-neutral equations to estimate relative lung function, the racial disparity in emphysema prevalence among those with normal spirometry decreased, Liu said. Additionally, among adults with normal lung function, the scientists found those with emphysema were more likely to report respiratory symptoms than those without emphysema.
Other Northwestern co-authors include Sadiya Khan, MD, MSc, assistant professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology; Laura Colangelo, Daniel Meza, MD, instructor of Medicine in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care; Peter Sporn, MD, professor of Medicine in the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care; and Mercedes Carnethon, PhD, the Mary Harris Thompson professor and vice chair of Preventive Medicine.
Funding for the study was provided by the National Institutes of Health (grants F32-HL162318 and R01 HL122477) and the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), which is conducted and supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) in collaboration with the University of Alabama at Birmingham (grants HHSN268201800005I and HHSN268201800007I), Northwestern University (grant HHSN268201800003I), University of Minnesota (grant HHSN268201800006I) and Kaiser Foundation Research Institute (grant HHSN268201800004I).