Genetic mutation in extended Amish family in Indiana protects against aging and increases longevity
The first genetic mutation that appears to protect against multiple aspects of biological aging in humans has been discovered in an extended family of Old Order Amish living in the vicinity of Berne, Indiana, according to a Northwestern Medicine study published in Science Advances.
An experimental “longevity” drug that recreates the effect of the mutation is now being tested in human trials to see if it provides protection against some aging-related illnesses.
Indiana Amish kindred (immediate family and relatives) with the mutation live more than 10 percent longer and have 10 percent longer telomeres (a protective cap at the end of our chromosomes that is a biological marker of aging) compared to Amish kindred members who don’t have the mutation, reports the new study.
Amish with this mutation also have significantly less diabetes and lower fasting insulin levels. A composite measure that reflects vascular age also is lower — indicative of retained flexibility in blood vessels in the carriers of the mutation — than those who don’t have the mutation, the study found.
These Amish individuals have very low levels of PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor), a protein that comprises part of a “molecular fingerprint” related to aging or senescence of cells. It was previously known that PAI-1 was related to aging in animals but unclear how it affected aging in humans.
“The findings astonished us because of the consistency of the anti-aging benefits across multiple body systems,” said lead author Douglas Vaughan, MD, the Irving S. Cutter Professor and chair of Medicine.
“For the first time we are seeing a molecular marker of aging (telomere length), a metabolic marker of aging (fasting insulin levels) and a cardiovascular marker of aging (blood pressure and blood vessel stiffness) all tracking in the same direction in that these individuals were generally protected from age-related changes,” said Vaughan, who has been studying PAI-1 for almost 30 years. “That played out in them having a longer lifespan. Not only do they live longer, they live healthier. It’s a desirable form of longevity. It’s their ‘health span.’”
“Longevity” drug developed by Northwestern and Tohoku University
Northwestern has partnered with Tohoku University in Japan in the development and testing of an oral drug, TM5614, that inhibits the action of PAI-1. The drug has already been tested in a phase 1 trial in Japan and is now in phase 2 trials there. Northwestern will apply for FDA approval to start an early phase trial in the U.S., possibly to begin within the next six months.
The proposed Northwestern trial will investigate the effects of the new drug on insulin sensitivity on individuals with type 2 diabetes and obesity because of the mutation’s effect on insulin levels in the Amish.
A mutation confers longevity
In the new study, Northwestern scientists looked at individuals who had one mutant copy of the gene, rendering their level of PAI-1 about half the level of kindred with two normal copies.
Those carriers of the gene mutation had nearly 30 percent lower fasting insulin levels and were completely protected from diabetes.
“We were definitely surprised,” Vaughan said. “Even when we analyze it factoring for their relatedness, the mutation is still an important predictor of whether they’ll get diabetes.”
He said 7 percent of the kindred with two normal copies of the gene have diabetes, so out of the 177 Amish participants in the study, he would expect three or four of the carriers of the single mutant gene to have the disease as well.
The scientists also saw an improvement in a group of cardiovascular measures ― lower blood pressure and more flexible blood vessels ― that change with age. The improvement did not reach statistical significance, but the carriers of the mutant gene have a younger appearing cardiovascular system, Vaughan said. In particular, individuals in the oldest third of the group have a reduced pulse pressure, indicative of more flexible arteries.
Cognitive testing will be part of future measurements for the study. Experimental data in mice shows lower levels of PAI-1 can protect against Alzheimer’s-like pathology.
“We hope to be able to revisit them regularly and do additional testing to look at the velocity of aging in this kindred and unearth more details about the protective effect of this mutation,” Vaughan said.
An isolated population offers a rare opportunity
The Amish kindred in Berne, Indiana, have been genetically and culturally isolated and most are at least distantly related. The ancestors of the Indiana Amish emigrated in the middle of the 19th century from Berne, Switzerland. The town recalls the architecture of their original home in Switzerland with its Swiss-style clock tower and architecture.
The mutation was introduced into the Amish kindred by farmers from Switzerland, who moved into the area. Two of their descendants, who carried the mutation, married into the Amish community. The Amish community outside the Berne area does not carry this mutation.
“This is the only kindred on the planet that has this mutation,” Vaughan said. “It’s a ‘private mutation.’”
People with the mutation live to be 85 on average, significantly longer than their predicted average lifespan of 71 for Amish in general, which hasn’t changed much over the last century.
The age range of Amish in the study was 18 to 85 with the average age of carriers 44 and the unaffected 46 years old.
A toddler bumps her head, bleeds too much and almost dies
The first Old Order Amish member with an unusual bleeding disorder was found in the early 1990s by Amy Shapiro, MD, a hematologist at the Indiana Hemophilia & Thrombosis Center. Shapiro heard from the local chapter of the Hemophilia Foundation about an Amish girl who had bumped her head when she was three and had unusually severe bleeding from the injury. The toddler required surgery, which triggered more extreme bleeding and necessitated a blood transfusion. She almost died. The girl was nine when Shapiro learned of her, and she became interested in helping the family.
The bleeding disorder was identified as a rare disorder due to a deficiency of PAI-1. The mutation was characterized in the laboratory of David Ginsberg, MD, at the University of Michigan and published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1992 by Fay et al. The individuals affected with the bleeding disorder had two copies of the mutated gene that led to the absence of PAI-1 in the blood and the resulting bleeding. People who carried one copy of the mutated gene did not have a bleeding disorder.
Shapiro tested the parents and siblings of the girl and found more affected individuals. A family tree was drawn to determine who else might be affected. Over time, several hundred members of the extended family tree have been tested, leading to the identification of 12 patients with the bleeding disorder and many others (about 96) who carried the single changed gene. To date, about 10,000 individuals are included in this family tree spanning many generations.
PAI-1 has an important role in the regulation of the part of the human blood clotting system that helps to dissolve clots once formed. When people are missing PAI-1, they have increased breakdown of clots and abnormal bleeding that is associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, bleeding with pregnancy and ovulation, dental work, injury and trauma.
When Vaughan read Shapiro’s and co-authors’ published journal articles on the kindred with the unusual PAI-1 mutation, he immediately wanted to investigate the effect on their cardiovascular function. He eventually broadened his focus to the effects on aging.
“That was the gateway that could allow us to investigate the impact of a partial PAI-1 deficiency over a lifetime,” Vaughan said.
“The work in the lab and the science of aging kept pointing to a relationship between PAI-1 and aging itself,” Vaughan said. “We had showed in a previous study in mice that a partial deficiency of PAI-1 protected against aging-like changes. Was that true for human beings, too? Now we had an incredible, unique opportunity to test our hypothesis.”
He contacted Shapiro, and said he had a hunch that the carriers of the mutation might be protected from aging and that the members of the kindred with one copy of the changed allele (gene mutation) do not appear to have a bleeding problem or cardiac problems. This suggested to him that giving people a drug that blocks PAI-1 might be safe as long as it provides incomplete inhibition.
Arriving by horse and buggy at testing site
On May 5, 2015, a caravan of 40 doctors, nurses, sonographers and other healthcare workers drove to Berne before dawn and set up 10 testing stations in a nearby community center. Over the following two days, 177 Amish arrived by horse and buggy for testing, half on each day.
It took an entire day for each person to go through all the testing stations that included fasting blood samples, echocardiograms, systolic blood pressure testing, pulse wave velocity (a measure of stiffness of their large arteries), pulmonary function tests and urine samples. Scientists took fibroblasts (cells) and grew stem cells from those cells in order to investigate the impact of the mutation on cell biology. Scientists can turn those cells into neurons, cardiac cells or any type of cell and investigate the impact of this genetic alteration on important biology.
Why did so many of the kindred agree to participate in the study? “They are curious about the mutation because they know some of them have a bleeding problem,” Vaughan said. Northwestern collaborated with the Indiana hematologists to work with the Amish.
Through the work with Northwestern and Vaughan, scientists found the individuals with two changed PAI-1 genes not only had a bleeding disorder but also had varying degrees of an unusual cardiac disorder that leads to fibrosis (scarring of the heart). One of the affected individuals has died from this complication.
Shapiro and colleagues at the Indiana Hemophilia & Thrombosis Center treat 11 Amish patients with the double mutation. For bleeding issues, the patients receive a medication that can be taken by either mouth or given intravenously to prevent clots from being dissolved too quickly. There is no treatment for cardiac fibrosis recently identified by the team.
Startup company to develop new class of “longevity” drugs
In the U.S., Northwestern is partnering with a Japanese startup company called Renascience to develop a new class of drugs that specifically target PAI-1. The drugs are the brainchild of Vaughan’s collaborator, Toshio Miyata, MD, PhD, who leads a drug discovery program at Tohoku University in northern Japan.
Miyata initially contacted Vaughan to use his transgenic models of mice that overexpress human PAI-1. The mice, developed in Vaughan’s lab, are bald, have heart attacks and other pathologies caused by an excess of PAI-1. Miyata, a nephrologist, was developing an oral drug to slow the progression of diabetic kidney disease, which is driven in part by PAI-1.
Miyata sent the experimental drug to Vaughan, who fed it to his bald mice for six weeks. Vaughan had tested other PAI-1 inhibiting drugs from large pharmaceutical companies, but none of them had worked.
[pullquote]“The mice are growing hair.”[/pullquote]
But then Vaughan noticed something. He called Miyata and announced, “The mice are growing hair. Your drug works!”
“The impact we saw in those transgenic animals was unmistakable,” Vaughan said.
“We had been asked to test other PAI-1 inhibitors over the years by big pharma. None of them ever worked. But the first one Toshio sent us worked exquisitely well,” Vaughan said.
Because of the drug’s effect on hair growth in mice, Renascience has licensed a formulation to an American company, Eirion Therapeutics, Inc., which is advancing the development of a topical formula that will be tested for treating male pattern baldness.
Phase 2 clinical trial gets green light in Japan
In the phase 1 Japanese studies, completed this past summer, the drug was given to about 160 healthy individuals to test its safety. After proving to be safe and nontoxic, the drug is now being tested in a phase 2 trial to see if inhibiting PAI-1 affects the migration of stem cells from the bone marrow.
Scientists want to see if giving the PAI-1 inhibitor drug boosts the number of red and white blood cells and platelets of patients who have undergone chemotherapy, which results in low counts. That could reduce complications, which include infections, bleeding and anemia. Since PAI-1 controls the mobilization and release of stem cells from the bone marrow, scientists hypothesize that partial inhibition of PAI-1 will accelerate the recovery of normal cell counts in the blood.
Mice lived four times longer on the drug
Vaughn’s previous investigation in a 2014 paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences showed the drug prolonged the lifespan in a mouse model of accelerated aging.
In that study, the rapidly aging mice fed the experimental drug lived more than three times longer than a control group, and their lungs and vascular system were protected from aging-like pathology, including emphysema and arteriosclerosis.
When cells or tissue age, they lose the ability to regenerate, and they secrete certain proteins, like a distinctive fingerprint. One of those proteins is PAI-1.
“We made the intellectual leap between a marker of senescence and physiological aging,” Vaughan said. “We asked, ‘Is this marker for cell aging one of the drivers or mechanisms of rapid physiological aging?’”
Vaughan first became interested in PAI-1 because it is the natural inhibitor of the body’s clot dissolving system. It specifically inhibits the clot-dissolving protein called t-PA, which was developed to treat people having heart attacks and strokes.
An earlier formulation of the experimental drug, TM5441, is one of only several chosen each year by the National Institute on Aging to be tested in its Interventions Testing Program, which investigates treatments with the potential to extend lifespan and delay disease in mice.
Other authors on the paper are co-first authors Sadiya Khan, ’09 MD, ’14 MSc, assistant professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology and of Preventive Medicine; Sanjiv Shah, ’00 MD, professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology; Donald Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM, senior associate dean for Clinical and Translational Research, chair of Preventive Medicine and the Eileen M. Foell Professor; Mesut Eren, PhD, research associate professor of Medicine in the Division of Cardiology; Ekaterina Klyachko, Abigail Baldridge, Aaron Place, Abraham Aviv, MD, Eli Puterman, PhD, Meadow Heiman, Toshio Miyata, MD, PhD, Sweta Gupta, MD, and Amy Shapiro, MD.
The study was supported by grant HL51387 from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health.
