August 22, 2006
Study Explores Congenital Limb, Heart Malformations
CHICAGO—New research published in the August issue of the Journal of Cell Biology explains for the first time why congenital heart defects so often occur with limb deformities.
In their research into the molecular mechanisms that control embryonic limb and heart development, Northwestern University researcher Hans-Georg Simon, PhD, and his laboratory group recently identified a new protein, LMP4, that binds and regulates activity of the Tbx4 and Tbx5 transcription factors. Tbx5 and Tbx4 proteins play a key role in limb and heart formation in virtually all vertebrates, from fish to birds to mice to humans.
Dr. Simon is assistant professor of pediatrics at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and a cell and developmental biologist at Children’s Memorial Research Center.
Mutations in the Tbx5 and Tbx4 genes can cause severe birth defects characterized by upper limb and heart defects (Holt-Oram syndrome) or patella, hip, and foot malformations (small patella syndrome), respectively, Dr. Simon explained.
“Despite the importance in embryogenesis and disease, the mechanisms by which the transcription factors encoded by these genes exert their functions are not well understood,” Dr. Simon said.
Dr. Simon recently received a five-year, $1.7 million grant from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute to further elucidate the molecular basis of hand/heart birth defects associated with Tbx5 mutations.
In studies using chicken and zebrafish model systems, Dr. Simon and his lab members are trying to gain a complete picture of how the Tbx and LMP4 proteins interact to control the growth and particular shaping of the limbs and heart.
LMP4 apparently regulates Tbx protein activity in the cell by keeping the Tbx transcription factors bound to the actin cytoskeleton or releasing them to the nucleus. Actin, a contractile protein of muscle, is a major component of the cytoskeleton—the “scaffolding” of the cell.
As the researchers wrote in their paper, this is the first demonstration of a Tbx transcription factor to be localized outside the cell nucleus by a specific protein. In addition, they demonstrate that removal of Tbx5 from the nucleus represses the transcription factor’s ability to activate target genes in the limbs and heart.
“We are just beginning to understand the multitude of different cellular process that the Tbx proteins are involved in,” concluded Dr. Simon. “The next step will be to identify the signals that regulate the dynamic interaction between LMP4 and Tbx5.”
Dr. Simon’s collaborators on the study were Troy Camarata; Benjamin Bimber; Andre Kulisz; Teng-Leong Chew, PhD, research assistant professor of cell and molecular biology; and Jennifer Yeung, Children’s Memorial Research Center and Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.
